unit 33 stop motion

phenakistoscope
- this is a device that is a early form of animation and was first created in the 1829, the way it work is that you had a spinning disk moving so fast that it creates a moving image and was the first form of animation. it was invented by Joseph Plateau in 1829 in Belgium. 






Zoetrope
- the object was invented in 1834 by William George Horner and i was a earlier version of film and motion picture projection. it was made by using a hollow drum with pictures lining the outside and i light lighting up the images, the way to watch the animation is to look through the slits in the drum and spin the object, then the images will move in a way the phenakistoscope works.




Praxinoscope
- this invention was invented by Charles-Émile Reynaud who originally named the object "wheel of the devil" and it was based on Joseph plateau's invention the phenakistoscope and it works in the same way as the zoetrope accept it uses a mirror to view the animation.







kinetoscope

- the invention was created by the famous Thomas Edison in 1893 and was first shown the the public in the same year as a prototype at the national federation of women clubs. it was designed foe individual viewing through a peep hole on the device that used methods from the phenakistoscope to create a motion picture for a individual.  

• Who is Wills o'brien and what key texts is he responsible for? -  Wills o'brien was a groundbreaking man in animation and special effects. he worked on such film as "King Kong" and "The Lost World". he work was active between 1915 to 1962 and worked on other films such as "the dinosaur and the missing link" in 1915, "R.D.F 10,000 BC" in 1916 and many other films thought the 20th century.

• Who is Harryhausen and what key texts is he responsible for? - ray harryhausen is a american visual effects artist, one of the last films he helped create was clash of the titans in 1981 a story based on greek mythology. he was active in the film industry between 1939 to 1980 .his style of animation has inspired many other famous animators such as tim burton "nightmare before christmas"and peter jackson " the lord of the rings". after seeing King Kong many times and because of this he started to experiment with animation and this inspired him to start doing special effects.

• who is Lee Hardcastle? - Lee Hardcastle is a youtube animator that creates lots of animations for people to enjoy. although his comedy is very 18+ and contains violence and other things towards adults , he worked on " the abcs of death" where he was T for Toilet.   

• Who is Aardman? Aardman is a british animation company based in bristol that have created lots of animated movies through there time in the film industry. one of there most popular animations in british culture is Wallace and Gromit. they where founded in 1972 and one of there first animations was Greeblies which was the program that inspired morph, also vison on was a program created for deaf children and was made by aardman animations. 

• Who are the brothers quay? the brothers quay are twin identical brothers that are very infuential animators in the animating industry, they achived a drama desk award for the play "The Chairs". the brothers quay where born in 1947 in Philadelphia. they moved to london in 1969 to the royal collage of art .in england they made there first short films that unfortunately no longer exist . 

Principles of Animation 

• Follow through and overlapping action - this principle of animation is a way to make a object look more realistic in the world, if a object is still but is moving for example hair or a antenna then it will look less realistic but if it drags along the body then it will look more real. like hair as a person runs or moves the hair trails behind the person so in animation you can use drag to make the hair drag behind the object to give it the illusion that this is indeed a real object attached to a character. to make this easier you can use the previous frame to show where the hair should be. skin can also be treated in the same way as if it is access skin it can drag behind the body as a separate object even though it is part of the person. the way the object drags can also show what the mass of the object is for example if it stops and it just wobbles then its a strong object but if it flops over its a soft object.

• Arc - arc are a key thing in animation to make it look more fluid and entertaining to watch as most life moves in a arc as it moves. adding a arc again makes the animation look more to real life for example when people walk they do not simply keep the same pose s they move there body moves down then back up when taking a step and this is in the form of a arc and can be used in a animation as someone is walking. like for example jumping in shock, your body moves back and down and but to its original position and back up. arcs can be used in many other ways and can add to your animation making it look more professional.

• Secondary action - the use of secondary action is to have more than just the primary action on screen as it adds a more human like appearance to the person or object for example if you are walking effecting the way the arms and legs move can shot a number of things like his emotions or if there injured or happy, this can show ways to get a point to the audience. 

• Stretch and squash - the use of squash and stretch is useful and also important in animation as it can show a objects mass,speed,momentum and weight. this makes your animation better in a scene that in can make the animation cleaner and if you need a object of a certain mass to be in it its a good was to show this in the animation. 

• Staging - staging is probably one of if not the most important principle in the 12 as it sets the scene of the animation and the shots that are taken for the final film. it is used to show for example where the audience looks in the shot and where the actions or people should be placed to get the audience attention to show the action and the story of the film. this is most import because without staging the animation will be a complete mess and the attention of the audience will be all over the place throughout the animation.  

Feature film, children's tv show, tv advert, music video, fan made videos

 Peanut vendor (1933)br />

Animated by Seymour Kneitel

Target audience - The target audience for this is people who would be interested in animation and how it can be used as this is a experimental film to see if animation is a good form of film.

Style - The style of this animation is purely stop motion\puppetry,this is the technique where a inanimate object appears to be moving on its one when in fact between each frame a animator is moving the model so the poses he needs.

Genre - Animation/musical, the music that was used in the animation would have been popular in 1933 and wound make more people watch it because of the music style.

Techniques
- The figure itself is made of metal wire and coved in fur to make it look like where appears to be a monkey it also shows the audience in the animation that there tail was able to come of to this shows that the figure itself was made from easy and movable materials. 

- because this is a early form of animation and the type of model that was used ( wire and cloth) it was easily moved but because of its time it was harder to film the frames well enough to make it look smooth rather than jumpy.

- The certain techniques used for this animation are appropriate for its age and the genre it was made in. in 1933 animation was a new idea and hadn't had much techniques to improve the animation that was used back then. it was used for this genre because it was a musical and the main focus it the music presented so as animation was the main thing you are looking at it isnt the main focus of the animation.     

- this film was a experiment done by Dave Fleischer in 1933 and it was to see how to use animation and stop-motion could be used in the film industry .

Principles
- secondary motion is used even in this animation as the main character dances around singing about the peanut vendor there hands and shoulders move in a way they should as well as his fingers, this adds realism to the model even if its terrifying. however if they had used follow through it would of created a more fuild motion on there rest of the body it would of improved the overall animation

- following through and drag was used on the tail of the model as it moved it looked and move like it was a actual animal tail and also shows the mass of a animals tail as the way it moves. 

- the way he walks around also has more realism, they use arcs to show the character has a sense of realism as his body moves in a arc as he moves around the screen.




Brother all in one printers advert (2014)

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Animated by - Brother Printers

Target audience - the target audience is based around adults and people who are interested in technology and animation. 

Genre - advert/animation

Style - this style of animation is stop motion but also with the added bonus of having the real word involved with animation to add to this sort of stop motion and to make it kind of unique to other stop motion advert.

Techniques
- the art that was used for all the wallpaper was digitally created on a computer and each individual piece had to to put all back to gather and animated.

- the paper is moved in a very fluid way rather than it being pent or ripped so this means they took extra care of the animation and the paper used

- they add stop motion with the real world to make it more interactive with the person rather than it being a claymation or a wire model. the person is also being used as a sort of stop motion puppet although he can move himself he can only move and interact as each frame is taken, like the paper

- the techniques use in this animation where used because of the reason it was created, as a advert it needs to be simple but get you interested in the product. the way it was presented got us interested in the advert and then interested in the product and this is the way the techniques help to make this animation not only amazing but also help with the companies advertisement and profit.

Principles 

-  secondary motion is used in this advertisement as the paper is being rolled out at the beginning the man walks away to do other activities but the paper has a mind of its own and begins to move.

- follow through is also used as the paper moves it isn't a instant movement, it slowly rolls out in each frame as if it was alive and it has drag as in each time it moves it rolls out or changes  

GUNSHIP - Tech Noir [Official Music Video](2015)

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Animated by Lee Hardcastle

Target audience - teenagers and young adults as it is a sort of futuristic setting and it is todays music but as the animation is a sort of 90s/80s film setting it relates to adults born in that time who experienced thoughts characters     

Genre - music video/science fiction, animation

Style - the style of animation is claymation mixed with real world acting, it is also overly gore like most of Lee Hardcastle's animations but this fits the theme as it is set in the 80s/90s and this was when lots of overly gory films where made so this fits the theme.   

Techniques

- the addition of the real world acting added to the overall animation for the video and added more story to the short video,it gave it a more unique touch to the music video as not a lot of music videos use stop motion/claymation and real people.

- in the claymation part of the music video they also used solid object such as the wreaked cars and the motor cycle, this is easier to use as the bike would have been good for the animation and they didn't have to create the bike from scratch.

- In this animation the reason these techniques are used is to add more to the music video. this will in turn make it more appealing to watch and the techniques used in the animation. they are appropriate with the music and the animation because of the genre that the animation is which is a science fiction music video. the techniques used help show the genre for example there is a lot of gore used on the characters to make them feel like living beings and it adds to the sort of 1980s style film that was very violent and gory.   

Principles

- drag was used in the video most noticeable the woman's hair as she turned around, her hair moved as if it had the same mass as real hair. drag was also used in the way the bodies rag doll when killed by the protagonist robocop.

- arcs where used in the animation of this video as the models moved around they did not move in a jerky motion it was all very human like and this is because arcs where used thought the video for example when the fight scene happens at the beginning the way the protagonist moves like when he moves his hand down to grab his gun uses a arc to make his hand movement look more fluid and life like in the animation.